Old-Imari
古伊万里
https://tenpyodo.com/en/product/cat/imari-nabeshima/（Handled Items ⇒ Imari / Nabeshima）
古伊万里
古伊万里とは江戸中期に肥前有田で焼成された磁器です。
型物に代表される国内向けの作品も知られていますが、
異国趣味を掻き立てる様々な品種の輸出作品を主体としていました。
景徳鎮磁器に代わる最良の品として有田磁器が世界市場を確保すると、
品質の高い作品を量産できるよう、熟練した職人による分業体制が確立されました。
染付に色絵と金彩を多用して絢爛の限りを尽くした「金襴手」は古伊万里の主体を成し、
元禄年間（1688～1704）の繁栄を示すが如く、優麗華美な世界を展開しました。
元来は明時代の嘉靖年間（1522～66）に景徳鎮民窯で完成された装飾技法であり、
金箔を焼き付けた富貴な趣味に満ちています。
王侯貴族間では宮殿室内を磁器で装飾する「磁器の間：The Porcelain Room」が、
富や権力の象徴として流行しました。
欧州に齎された磁器は棚や壁に飾る美術品であると共に接客用の室内調度品でもある為、
経年劣化によって色絵や金彩が擦れた作品も多く見られます。
「オールド・イマリ」、「オールド・ジャパン」、「イマリヤキ」という呼称は、
現在も国内外の愛陶家や蒐集家に交わされる肥前磁器の愛称です。
Fuyode
Fuyode is a style of blue and white porcelain developed in the jingdezhen kiln in china during the wanli era（1573-1620）. The name “Fuyode” is said to come from the fact that the large circular opening in the center of the porcelain vessel, surrounded by petal like sections, is reminiscent of the petals of a cotton rose hibiscus. The Fuyode is a representative design of chinese porcelain made in response to the demands of southeast asia, the orient, and europe, and was produced mainly during the tianqi and the chongzhen era（1621-44）in the late ming dynasty. Fuyode is mainly in the shape of dish vessels, but some have kundika and bottle like forms. Civil unrest and restrictive policies on overseas trade following the change of the ming dynasty to the qing dynasty in the 1640s resulted in a decline in the quality of jingdezhen kiln and other porcelain kilns, making it almost impossible to purchase porcelain from china. As a result, a stable supply of japanese porcelain became the alternative, and japan entered the era of a glamorous export industry. Chinese porcelain samples, in possession of the director of the dutch trading house, accompanied each order. The potters in hizen are thought to have faithfully reproduced the samples. Fuyode led to a significant stylistic shift in imari ware and took a prominent position in blue and white porcelain for export. The fuyode dish with the dutch east india company’s VOC emblem was called the “Company Plate” and was personally used by the governor of batavia as well as by various trading houses.
型物
型物とは濃艶な配色に金襴手を主とした最上手の古伊万里で、
名品の型に嵌まる（基準を満たした）という意味を含んでいます。
欧州に向けて大量生産された輸出古伊万里とは異なり、
国内の大名や豪商の需要を担った富裕層向けの洗練された作品です。
茶の湯の菓子鉢、慶事の贈答品、宴席における饗応の器として珍重されました。
多くが細密入念な文様的意匠によって構成されており、
五艘船、琴高仙人、荒磯、赤玉雲龍、寿、宝尽、姫皿、弓破魔等を始めとし、
鉢の器形には丸鉢、兜鉢、独楽形鉢、平鉢等があります。
型物に準ずる作品は「準型物」、「献上手」とも呼ばれています。
最盛期の元禄年間（1688～1704）を過ぎても、
型物のスタイルは伊万里焼の主要な生産品目となりました。
The era establishing the export industry between the VOC and japan
The east india companies were chartered companies established by european countries in the 17th century（the british in 1600, the dutch in 1602, and the french in 1604）for trade with the orient. The dutch east india company’s monogram, consisting of the initials “VOC”（Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie）, was its emblem, was put on warehouses, coins, cannons, flags, ceramics, etc, to indicate the company’s ownership of products. In addition to spices, its original product of interest, the company also sought porcelain that could not be produced in europe and traded with china. The hard porcelain imported from china was called “White Gold” and was traded as a valuable item, rivaling gold in value. Once vast quantities of porcelain, a luxury item and symbol of wealth, were brought to europe, its beauty deeply impressed europeans, encouraging china to produce even more products. However, due to the civil war following the change between the ming and qing dynasties in the 1640s and policies restricting overseas trade, the quality of porcelain fired in the jingdezhen kiln and other porcelain kilns became inferior, making it almost impossible to buy porcelain products. As a result, the company sought japanese porcelain, which could be produced without interruption, as an alternative. In 1653, japan entered into an export deal with the dutch east india company（VOC）for imari ware. In 1659, japan received a massive order of about 56,700 pieces, ushering in a glamorous era for the export industry in japan. The new feudal system of the tokugawa government beginning to take shape, imari ware was thrust into the limelight of the international market as a product of the nabeshima family of the saga domain. Because europe demanded identical replacements for chinese porcelain, many early pieces exported imitated the fuyode style and other styles from the late ming dynasty. The large volume of orders from the VOC led to significant technical advances at the hizen arita kilns, and the expanded capacity of these kilns made it possible to produce many jinko-tsubo（large jar）. The exported porcelains varied widely in shape. Even considering this, it is clear that the expansion of trade with the VOC contributed to the significant flourishing of imari ware. When the qing dynasty lifted the qian-jie-ling（order blocking maritime traffic and trade）in 1684, exports of chinese porcelain resumed, and from around 1712, exports boomed. Chinese porcelain once again regained its dominant position in the market. As a result, imari ware lost out in market competition with chinese porcelain, which boasted quality, quantity, and low prices. China overwhelmingly outnumbered japan in the total number of porcelain exported through trade with the VOC. The establishment of meissen, the first porcelain kiln in europe, in 1710 contributed to the gradual decline of porcelain exports from asia. The official japanese porcelain trade ended in 1757 with a mere 300 pieces and then was left to private trade by the trading houses.
Events related to the VOC
- 1602（keicho7）：Establishment of the dutch east india company（VOC）.
- 1609（keicho14）：Establishment of the dutch trading post in hirado.
- 1641（kanei18）：Relocation of the dutch trading post to dejima, nagasaki.
- 1644（kanei21）：End of porcelain exports from china to the VOC, following a decline in porcelain exports beginning in about 1640.
- 1650（keian3）：Beginning of export of porcelain from japan as a replacement for chinese porcelain.
- 1651（keian4）：Beginning of exports to chinese merchants in addition to dutch merchants, where imari ware was acquired by the dutch and chinese alike.
- 1653（shoo2）：Signing of export agreement with VOC for imari ware, beginning their export. Records remain of these trades.
- 1659（manji2）：Beginning of full scale export of blue and white porcelains, including fuyoude, etc., after receiving a large order（approx. 56,700 pieces）of imari ware from the VOC.
- 1661（kanbun1）：Prohibition of chinese porcelain exports in the qing dynasty following the qian-jie-ling proclamation.
- 1684（jokyo1）：Resumption of exports of chinese porcelain after the lifting of the qian-jie-ling proclamation.
- 1710（hoei7）：Establishment of a porcelain factory in meissen, germany.
- The shotoku era（1711-16）：Tightening of restrictions on foreign trade, leading to a halving of the number of dutch and chinese ships arriving at dejima. Thus, porcelain exports also began to decline.
- 1725（kyoho10）：Stagnation of trade between japan and the VOC.
- 1757（horeki7）：End of official porcelain trade after only 300 pieces according to the VOC records, thereafter relegated to private trade by the trading houses.
- 1799（kansei10）：Dissolution of the VOC.
国内需要に転換した後期伊万里
伊万里焼は海外交易の他にも諸国諸領内に幅広く伝播して需要に応じました。
豪商や商家の調度品が蒔絵を始めとした漆器のみでなく、
伊万里焼で賄われるといった反応を示したからです。
1757（宝暦7）年にV.O.C（オランダ東インド会社）との公的な磁器取引が終了すると、
伊万里焼は装飾性豊かな高級美術品というよりも、
一般調度品（食器）としての比重が増し、
町衆を始めとした中級層においても徐々に浸透していきます。
既に分業体制も整備されており、
国内向けの量産体制に向かう事は必然的でした。
その結果、成形も粗雑になって厳しい格調を欠きます。
更に1828（文政11）年8月の台風で有田は大火に見舞われ、
生産体制や品質は著しく落ち込み、
他の窯業地に移住する職人や転職者まで出ました。
瀬戸を中心とした各地で磁器生産が急速に発展した問題も重なり、
内外両面から致命的な打撃を受けます。
1841（天保12）年には活性化を図る為に佐賀藩主から許可を得て、
有田の豪商・久富与次兵衛は「蔵春亭」ブランドで、オランダ貿易を再開しました。
幕末という新しい息吹の中で庶民の生活や文化は活気を帯び、
神社仏閣の春秋祭礼、縁日、冠婚葬祭は大いに盛り上がり、
特に祭りでの酒盛りや振舞いは大変派手であった事が伝えられています。
祭りは大勢庶民の集まり故に酒肴を盛る大皿を必要とした事で、
大皿の注文生産が全国規模で増加しました。
土佐国（現：高知県）を代表する郷土料理・皿鉢料理はその典型的な例です。
このような日用品を中心とした後期伊万里の中でも、
異国情緒溢れる蘭人、相撲力士、東海道五十三次、日本地図を題材とした特殊な作品は、
面白みある図案構成から高い評価を受けています。
We sell and purchase Old-Imari
We have a physical shop in Hakata-ku, Fukuoka City, where we sell and purchase "Old-Imari" works. Drawing on a long career and rich experience in dealing, we promise to provide the finest service in the best interests of our customers. With the main goal of pleasing our customers, we will serve you with the utmost sincerity and responsibility until we close the deal.